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Why are so many storms hitting California?
周二 4月 04, 2023 12:20 am
Advocates ask the US biomedical agency to rethink the design of its RECOVER initiative, citing possible harm and funding waste.
A relentless series of ‘rivers in the sky’ is creating extreme conditions across the state, but a role for climate change is unclear.
Crocodiles and Komodo dragons provide evidence to support the idea of a scaly cover over the teeth of dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex.
Philip Kass spends 90% of his day lying on a twin bed in a sparsely decorated room that used to belong to his niece. He takes most meals with a plate balanced on his chest, and he usually watches television because reading is too stressful.
“I’m barely living,” he told me on a warm night in June last year.
Repurposing a microbial system to deliver molecules directly into cells, and the disconnect between research into, and treatment of, chronic pain.
Epilepsy researcher Christin Godale credits a child neurologist for spotting her curiosity about the the human brain and her medical condition.
Clearly communicating baselines for assessing ocean warming is essential for understanding extreme events and how they will affect marine ecosystems and livelihoods in the future.
Patients and patient advocates are calling on the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) to reconsider its decision to include exercise trials in its RECOVER initiative, which aims to study and find treatments for long COVID. They argue that a large proportion of people with long COVID have reported experiencing post-exertional malaise (PEM) — a worsening of symptoms such as fatigue, difficulty regulating body temperature and cognitive dysfunction, after even light exercise — and worry that putting certain RECOVER participants through exercise trials could cause them harm. In a petition and multiple letters, the advocates request that the NIH and affiliated physicians explain their rationale for this testing and share the trial protocols.
Not again! Earlier this week, California was battered by heavy rain, strong winds and thick snow — the latest in a seemingly unending procession of strong storms. Wild weather has afflicted the previously drought-stricken state for three months, resulting in devastating floods, paralysing blizzards and dozens of deaths. Data released Thursday show that the snowpack is the biggest on record. Nature spoke to atmospheric and climate scientists about what’s driving the surge in wet weather and what the state could look like in a warmer future.
The fearsome maw of the iconic Tyrannosaurus rex has had a makeover. According to a study published today in Science1, the dagger-like teeth of theropod dinosaurs such as T. rex would not have been visible when their mouths were closed. Instead, they would have been concealed behind thin, scaly lips.
Reconstructions of large theropods — whether in Hollywood films or scientific texts — often depict the prehistoric predators as having jaws full of exposed teeth, even when their mouths are shut. Palaeontologists had reasoned that theropod teeth were probably exposed because the teeth are so big, and because the closest living relatives of theropods, alligators and crocodiles, have toothy grins.
Ever since a back injury 23 years ago, pain has been eating away at Kass’s life. It has cost him his career, his relationships, his mobility and his independence.
Now 55, Kass lives with his sister and her family in San Francisco, California. He occasionally joins them for dinner, which means he’ll eat while standing. And once a day he tries to walk four or five blocks around the neighbourhood. But he worries that any activity, walking too briskly or sitting upright for more than a few minutes, will trigger a fresh round of torment that can take days or weeks to subside.
“It’s just paralysed me,” he says.
00:48 Tiny syringes for drug delivery
A team of researchers have repurposed tiny syringe-like structures produced by some bacteria to deliver molecules directly into human cells. They hope that this method could be used to overcome a big challenge in modern medicine, namely ensuring that therapeutics are delivered into the precise cells that need to be treated.
A child neurologist treating Christin Godale’s epilepsy was so impressed with his young patient’s interest in the brain he gave her some of his textbooks to read during an extended stay in hospital.
“He said I should consider a career in neuroscience. That moment really changed my life,” says Godale, who followed his advice and went on to research epilepsy for her PhD at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio.
Godale describes how at one point she was experiencing up to 30 seizures a day and spent periods in a coma, severely curtailing her quality of life, childhood friendships, and graduate school experiences.
“I’ve developed some habits to combat these cognitive impairments that I experience,” she says. “I find myself writing down everything that I’m learning in a lecture and hearing at a meeting.”
When the pandemic struck in March 2020 and labs shut down, Godale embarked on patient advoacy work and science communication via the Society for Neuroscience’s early career policy ambassadors program.
She lobbied Congress members to increase federal funding for neuroscience research, and in late 2021 decided on a career path that would involve her in both academia and industry, working for a seed fund focused on life science and digital companies in southwest Ohio.
Marine heatwaves devastate ecosystems and the coastal communities that rely on them. Weeks, months or years of unusually warm waters can bleach corals, spur harmful algal blooms and wipe out seaweeds. They might kill or strand marine animals and disrupt food webs and fisheries1. Billions of US dollars are lost to such events around the world each year2.
For example, in 2013, an area of water in the northeast Pacific Ocean more than three times the size of Texas, known as The Blob, warmed by nearly 3°C. Over 18 months, these warm waters spread across the entire west coast of North America, from the Gulf of Alaska to the tip of the Baja Peninsula in Mexico. Seabirds starved and stocks of Pacific cod collapsed. Tuna moved north, as far as Alaska. Humpback whales drawn towards the coast became entangled in fishing nets. Mysterious creatures, such as glowing tropical sea pickles, or pyrosomes, arrived in northern waters.
Ocean scientists are striving to better understand such phenomena, and whether climate change is making marine heatwaves more frequent and more intense. But right now the field has a problem: the definitions and communications describing what a marine heatwave is are confusing.
Up to 23 million people in the United States have developed long COVID, according to a report from the US Government Accountability Office. The condition has affected their lives and livelihood: an analysis of people with long COVID who filed workers’ compensation claims in New York State between 1 January 2020 and 31 March 2022 found that 18% of them had still not returned to work more than a year after being infected with the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Advocates want to see the RECOVER exercise protocols because they are concerned that trial participants will not be adequately informed about the potential risks; that participants will not be properly screened for PEM; and that researchers will not sufficiently monitor people for harm in the hours after the exercise regimen or after the trial concludes.
“In a world where there’s hundreds of things to trial, why are we choosing this one thing that we know has the potential to cause harm to a substantial portion of patients?” asks Lisa McCorkell, a co-founder of the Patient-Led Research Collaborative for long COVID, a research and advocacy group based in Washington DC.
Why are so many storms hitting California?
California’s recent parade of storms is driven by atmospheric rivers — long, narrow plumes of moist air that travel from the tropics to higher latitudes. When these ‘rivers in the sky’ sweep over mountainous regions they condense into clouds that produce heavy rain and snow, says Allison Michaelis, an atmospheric scientist at Northern Illinois University in DeKalb.
An atmospheric river can ferry enormous amounts of water vapour; some discharge more than twice as much water as the Amazon River1. In the western United States, atmospheric rivers contribute up to half of the region’s annual rain and snow. Since last November, 31 atmospheric rivers have hit California, more than half of which ranged from moderate to extreme, according to data from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California.
Although back-to-back atmospheric rivers are not unheard of, they make a significant impact, says Michaelis. “What might have typically been a more beneficial event could turn potentially hazardous if it comes on the heels of another system.”
But when Kirstin Brink was a graduate student at the University of Toronto, Canada, in the 2010s, she and fellow students Thomas Cullen and Derek Larson got talking over a few beers about whether that depiction was accurate. “It just looks so weird when the T. rex mouth is closed, and you can see the teeth,” she says.
Brink, now a vertebrate palaeontologist at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada, notes that modern-day lizards, such as iguanas and Komodo dragons, have lips that hide their teeth.
Other palaeontologists have also wondered whether extinct theropods smiled like a crocodile or had lips like lizards. But Brink, Cullen, Larson and their colleagues are the first team to examine the skulls and teeth of theropods and their living relatives to settle the debate.
Brink says that the tooth enamel in theropods points to them having lips that cover the teeth. “Enamel needs to stay hydrated,” she says, otherwise it is prone to cracking.
In crocodiles, the enamel is thick and stays hydrated because they live in the water. Even so, crocodile teeth bear the signs of cracks and damage on their outer surface. That’s not the case in theropods, she says. Theropod teeth are covered by just a thin layer of enamel, indicating that these dinosaurs probably had lips to keep the teeth protected and coated in saliva when their mouths were closed.
Some of what Kass describes is familiar. I have been pinned to the floor by spinal pain several times in my life. In my twenties, I was immobilized for three months. In my thirties and forties, each episode of severe pain lasted more than a year. I spent at least another half decade standing or pacing through meetings, meals and movies — for fear that even a few minutes spent sitting would result in weeks of disabling pain. For years, I read anything I could find to better understand why my pain persisted.
The picture that emerged was complex and surprising. Over the past few decades, a growing body of evidence has indicated that the very machinery that processes pain can help to sustain the sensation or make it worse. Some researchers have explored unexpected interactions between the immune and nervous systems, showing, for instance, that inflammation, long considered a provocateur of pain, might also be crucial for resolving it. Others have shown how depression, anxiety and other kinds of emotional distress can both feed — and feed off
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https://ibusinessday.com/what-the-science-says-about-californias-record-setting-snow/
09:30 Chronic pain
Chronic pain affects millions of people worldwide and it can be debilitating. Research into the condition has come a long way in the past few years, but this knowledge hasn’t necessarily resulted in better outcomes for those with chronic pain. Nature’s Lucy Odling-Smee has written a Feature article on the topic, and she joined us to discuss why this disparity exists, and about her own experiences of chronic pain.
Credit: Samunella/SPL
An epilepsy diagnosis aged two triggered Christine Godale’s fascination for the brain, influenced her graduate school research and led to patient advocacy work.
Download MP3 See transcript
A child neurologist treating Christin Godale’s epilepsy was so impressed with his young patient’s interest in the brain he gave her some of his textbooks to read during an extended stay in hospital.
“He said I should consider a career in neuroscience. That moment really changed my life,” says Godale, who followed his advice and went on to research epilepsy for her PhD at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio.
Godale describes how at one point she was experiencing up to 30 seizures a day and spent periods in a coma, severely curtailing her quality of life, childhood friendships, and graduate school experiences.
“I’ve developed some habits to combat these cognitive impairments that I experience,” she says. “I find myself writing down everything that I’m learning in a lecture and hearing at a meeting.”
When the pandemic struck in March 2020 and labs shut down, Godale embarked on patient advoacy work and science communication via the Society for Neuroscience’s early career policy ambassadors program.
She lobbied Congress members to increase federal funding for neuroscience research, and in late 2021 decided on a career path that would involve her in both academia and industry, working for a seed fund focused on life science and digital companies in southwest Ohio.
“During my graduate studies, I networked a lot. I encourage any early career researcher listening to this podcast to prioritize networking while you’re in graduate school,” she says.
This is the seventh episode in Tales from the Synapse, a 12-part podcast series produced in partnership with Nature Neuroscience and introduced by Jean Mary Zarate, a senior editor at the journal.
The series features brain scientists from all over the world who talk about their career journeys, collaborations and the societal impact of their research.
This is because scientists and the media use the term ‘marine heatwave’ to refer to two different things: extreme conditions compared with historical temperatures, and extreme conditions compared with an evolving ‘new normal’ of rising temperatures owing to climate change. The difference matters. Each definition leads to different estimates of the properties and trends of future marine heatwaves. Coastal communities need to understand what is unfolding if they are to adapt.
Because the precise meaning remains unclear, miscommunication and misunderstanding are rife. Duelling definitions mean that headlines such as ‘marine heatwaves are getting more frequent’ and ‘marine heatwaves are not getting more frequent’ can be simultaneously true, for reasons that are not obvious to the public. This breakdown in communication is having real-world consequences for decision makers tasked with managing oceans in the coming decades.
A relentless series of ‘rivers in the sky’ is creating extreme conditions across the state, but a role for climate change is unclear.
Crocodiles and Komodo dragons provide evidence to support the idea of a scaly cover over the teeth of dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex.
Philip Kass spends 90% of his day lying on a twin bed in a sparsely decorated room that used to belong to his niece. He takes most meals with a plate balanced on his chest, and he usually watches television because reading is too stressful.
“I’m barely living,” he told me on a warm night in June last year.
Repurposing a microbial system to deliver molecules directly into cells, and the disconnect between research into, and treatment of, chronic pain.
Epilepsy researcher Christin Godale credits a child neurologist for spotting her curiosity about the the human brain and her medical condition.
Clearly communicating baselines for assessing ocean warming is essential for understanding extreme events and how they will affect marine ecosystems and livelihoods in the future.
Patients and patient advocates are calling on the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) to reconsider its decision to include exercise trials in its RECOVER initiative, which aims to study and find treatments for long COVID. They argue that a large proportion of people with long COVID have reported experiencing post-exertional malaise (PEM) — a worsening of symptoms such as fatigue, difficulty regulating body temperature and cognitive dysfunction, after even light exercise — and worry that putting certain RECOVER participants through exercise trials could cause them harm. In a petition and multiple letters, the advocates request that the NIH and affiliated physicians explain their rationale for this testing and share the trial protocols.
Not again! Earlier this week, California was battered by heavy rain, strong winds and thick snow — the latest in a seemingly unending procession of strong storms. Wild weather has afflicted the previously drought-stricken state for three months, resulting in devastating floods, paralysing blizzards and dozens of deaths. Data released Thursday show that the snowpack is the biggest on record. Nature spoke to atmospheric and climate scientists about what’s driving the surge in wet weather and what the state could look like in a warmer future.
The fearsome maw of the iconic Tyrannosaurus rex has had a makeover. According to a study published today in Science1, the dagger-like teeth of theropod dinosaurs such as T. rex would not have been visible when their mouths were closed. Instead, they would have been concealed behind thin, scaly lips.
Reconstructions of large theropods — whether in Hollywood films or scientific texts — often depict the prehistoric predators as having jaws full of exposed teeth, even when their mouths are shut. Palaeontologists had reasoned that theropod teeth were probably exposed because the teeth are so big, and because the closest living relatives of theropods, alligators and crocodiles, have toothy grins.
Ever since a back injury 23 years ago, pain has been eating away at Kass’s life. It has cost him his career, his relationships, his mobility and his independence.
Now 55, Kass lives with his sister and her family in San Francisco, California. He occasionally joins them for dinner, which means he’ll eat while standing. And once a day he tries to walk four or five blocks around the neighbourhood. But he worries that any activity, walking too briskly or sitting upright for more than a few minutes, will trigger a fresh round of torment that can take days or weeks to subside.
“It’s just paralysed me,” he says.
00:48 Tiny syringes for drug delivery
A team of researchers have repurposed tiny syringe-like structures produced by some bacteria to deliver molecules directly into human cells. They hope that this method could be used to overcome a big challenge in modern medicine, namely ensuring that therapeutics are delivered into the precise cells that need to be treated.
A child neurologist treating Christin Godale’s epilepsy was so impressed with his young patient’s interest in the brain he gave her some of his textbooks to read during an extended stay in hospital.
“He said I should consider a career in neuroscience. That moment really changed my life,” says Godale, who followed his advice and went on to research epilepsy for her PhD at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio.
Godale describes how at one point she was experiencing up to 30 seizures a day and spent periods in a coma, severely curtailing her quality of life, childhood friendships, and graduate school experiences.
“I’ve developed some habits to combat these cognitive impairments that I experience,” she says. “I find myself writing down everything that I’m learning in a lecture and hearing at a meeting.”
When the pandemic struck in March 2020 and labs shut down, Godale embarked on patient advoacy work and science communication via the Society for Neuroscience’s early career policy ambassadors program.
She lobbied Congress members to increase federal funding for neuroscience research, and in late 2021 decided on a career path that would involve her in both academia and industry, working for a seed fund focused on life science and digital companies in southwest Ohio.
Marine heatwaves devastate ecosystems and the coastal communities that rely on them. Weeks, months or years of unusually warm waters can bleach corals, spur harmful algal blooms and wipe out seaweeds. They might kill or strand marine animals and disrupt food webs and fisheries1. Billions of US dollars are lost to such events around the world each year2.
For example, in 2013, an area of water in the northeast Pacific Ocean more than three times the size of Texas, known as The Blob, warmed by nearly 3°C. Over 18 months, these warm waters spread across the entire west coast of North America, from the Gulf of Alaska to the tip of the Baja Peninsula in Mexico. Seabirds starved and stocks of Pacific cod collapsed. Tuna moved north, as far as Alaska. Humpback whales drawn towards the coast became entangled in fishing nets. Mysterious creatures, such as glowing tropical sea pickles, or pyrosomes, arrived in northern waters.
Ocean scientists are striving to better understand such phenomena, and whether climate change is making marine heatwaves more frequent and more intense. But right now the field has a problem: the definitions and communications describing what a marine heatwave is are confusing.
Up to 23 million people in the United States have developed long COVID, according to a report from the US Government Accountability Office. The condition has affected their lives and livelihood: an analysis of people with long COVID who filed workers’ compensation claims in New York State between 1 January 2020 and 31 March 2022 found that 18% of them had still not returned to work more than a year after being infected with the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Advocates want to see the RECOVER exercise protocols because they are concerned that trial participants will not be adequately informed about the potential risks; that participants will not be properly screened for PEM; and that researchers will not sufficiently monitor people for harm in the hours after the exercise regimen or after the trial concludes.
“In a world where there’s hundreds of things to trial, why are we choosing this one thing that we know has the potential to cause harm to a substantial portion of patients?” asks Lisa McCorkell, a co-founder of the Patient-Led Research Collaborative for long COVID, a research and advocacy group based in Washington DC.
Why are so many storms hitting California?
California’s recent parade of storms is driven by atmospheric rivers — long, narrow plumes of moist air that travel from the tropics to higher latitudes. When these ‘rivers in the sky’ sweep over mountainous regions they condense into clouds that produce heavy rain and snow, says Allison Michaelis, an atmospheric scientist at Northern Illinois University in DeKalb.
An atmospheric river can ferry enormous amounts of water vapour; some discharge more than twice as much water as the Amazon River1. In the western United States, atmospheric rivers contribute up to half of the region’s annual rain and snow. Since last November, 31 atmospheric rivers have hit California, more than half of which ranged from moderate to extreme, according to data from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California.
Although back-to-back atmospheric rivers are not unheard of, they make a significant impact, says Michaelis. “What might have typically been a more beneficial event could turn potentially hazardous if it comes on the heels of another system.”
But when Kirstin Brink was a graduate student at the University of Toronto, Canada, in the 2010s, she and fellow students Thomas Cullen and Derek Larson got talking over a few beers about whether that depiction was accurate. “It just looks so weird when the T. rex mouth is closed, and you can see the teeth,” she says.
Brink, now a vertebrate palaeontologist at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada, notes that modern-day lizards, such as iguanas and Komodo dragons, have lips that hide their teeth.
Other palaeontologists have also wondered whether extinct theropods smiled like a crocodile or had lips like lizards. But Brink, Cullen, Larson and their colleagues are the first team to examine the skulls and teeth of theropods and their living relatives to settle the debate.
Brink says that the tooth enamel in theropods points to them having lips that cover the teeth. “Enamel needs to stay hydrated,” she says, otherwise it is prone to cracking.
In crocodiles, the enamel is thick and stays hydrated because they live in the water. Even so, crocodile teeth bear the signs of cracks and damage on their outer surface. That’s not the case in theropods, she says. Theropod teeth are covered by just a thin layer of enamel, indicating that these dinosaurs probably had lips to keep the teeth protected and coated in saliva when their mouths were closed.
Some of what Kass describes is familiar. I have been pinned to the floor by spinal pain several times in my life. In my twenties, I was immobilized for three months. In my thirties and forties, each episode of severe pain lasted more than a year. I spent at least another half decade standing or pacing through meetings, meals and movies — for fear that even a few minutes spent sitting would result in weeks of disabling pain. For years, I read anything I could find to better understand why my pain persisted.
The picture that emerged was complex and surprising. Over the past few decades, a growing body of evidence has indicated that the very machinery that processes pain can help to sustain the sensation or make it worse. Some researchers have explored unexpected interactions between the immune and nervous systems, showing, for instance, that inflammation, long considered a provocateur of pain, might also be crucial for resolving it. Others have shown how depression, anxiety and other kinds of emotional distress can both feed — and feed off
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https://ibusinessday.com/what-the-science-says-about-californias-record-setting-snow/
09:30 Chronic pain
Chronic pain affects millions of people worldwide and it can be debilitating. Research into the condition has come a long way in the past few years, but this knowledge hasn’t necessarily resulted in better outcomes for those with chronic pain. Nature’s Lucy Odling-Smee has written a Feature article on the topic, and she joined us to discuss why this disparity exists, and about her own experiences of chronic pain.
Credit: Samunella/SPL
An epilepsy diagnosis aged two triggered Christine Godale’s fascination for the brain, influenced her graduate school research and led to patient advocacy work.
Download MP3 See transcript
A child neurologist treating Christin Godale’s epilepsy was so impressed with his young patient’s interest in the brain he gave her some of his textbooks to read during an extended stay in hospital.
“He said I should consider a career in neuroscience. That moment really changed my life,” says Godale, who followed his advice and went on to research epilepsy for her PhD at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio.
Godale describes how at one point she was experiencing up to 30 seizures a day and spent periods in a coma, severely curtailing her quality of life, childhood friendships, and graduate school experiences.
“I’ve developed some habits to combat these cognitive impairments that I experience,” she says. “I find myself writing down everything that I’m learning in a lecture and hearing at a meeting.”
When the pandemic struck in March 2020 and labs shut down, Godale embarked on patient advoacy work and science communication via the Society for Neuroscience’s early career policy ambassadors program.
She lobbied Congress members to increase federal funding for neuroscience research, and in late 2021 decided on a career path that would involve her in both academia and industry, working for a seed fund focused on life science and digital companies in southwest Ohio.
“During my graduate studies, I networked a lot. I encourage any early career researcher listening to this podcast to prioritize networking while you’re in graduate school,” she says.
This is the seventh episode in Tales from the Synapse, a 12-part podcast series produced in partnership with Nature Neuroscience and introduced by Jean Mary Zarate, a senior editor at the journal.
The series features brain scientists from all over the world who talk about their career journeys, collaborations and the societal impact of their research.
This is because scientists and the media use the term ‘marine heatwave’ to refer to two different things: extreme conditions compared with historical temperatures, and extreme conditions compared with an evolving ‘new normal’ of rising temperatures owing to climate change. The difference matters. Each definition leads to different estimates of the properties and trends of future marine heatwaves. Coastal communities need to understand what is unfolding if they are to adapt.
Because the precise meaning remains unclear, miscommunication and misunderstanding are rife. Duelling definitions mean that headlines such as ‘marine heatwaves are getting more frequent’ and ‘marine heatwaves are not getting more frequent’ can be simultaneously true, for reasons that are not obvious to the public. This breakdown in communication is having real-world consequences for decision makers tasked with managing oceans in the coming decades.
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